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| Author | Walter Isaacson Evan Thomas |
|---|---|
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Simon & Schuster |
| 1986 | |
| Pages | 816 pp. |
| ISBN | 978-0-671-50465-6 |
| 327.2/092/2 | |
| LC Class | E747.I77 1986 |
The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made is a 1986 book by Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas. It describes the actions of a group of U.S. government officials and members of the East Coastforeign policyEstablishment. Starting in the immediate post-World War II period, the group developed the containment policy of dealing with the Communist bloc during the Cold War. They also helped to craft institutions and initiatives such as NATO, the World Bank, and the Marshall Plan. An updated edition of the book was released in 2012,[1] as well as a 'Quicklet' summary of the book.[2]
Members of the group[edit]
The book identifies six people who were important foreign policy advisors to U.S. Presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Lyndon Johnson and were influential in the development of Cold War era foreign policy for America. The six are:
- Dean Acheson, Secretary of State under President Harry Truman
- Charles E. Bohlen, U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union, the Philippines, and France
- W. Averell Harriman, Special Envoy for President Franklin Roosevelt
- George F. Kennan, Ambassador to the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, State Dept. Director of Policy Planning
- Robert A. Lovett, Truman's Secretary of Defense
- John J. McCloy, a War Department official and later U.S. High Commissioner for Germany.
The group comprised two lawyers, two bankers, and two diplomats. Five of the six were from the so-called Georgetown Set. Acheson, Harriman, and Lovett had known each other since their days at prep school or college and on Wall Street. Bohlen, Kennan and McCloy were younger and did not know the others well until their public lives brought them into close contact.[3]
Influence[edit]
They coalesced as a group when Truman became President in 1945 and greatly needed advice on foreign policy, as he knew very little in that area. The group helped to create a bipartisanforeign policy based on resistance to the expansion of Soviet power. The authors describe them as the hidden architects behind the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and Cold War containment. Kennan, in particular, is regarded as 'the father of containment.'[4]
The book portrays them as personifying an ideal of statesmanship marked by nonpartisanship, pragmatic internationalism, and aversion to ideological fervor. They tended to be practical, realistic, and nonideological. After the six had retired from public life, they and other like-minded establishment elders were dubbed The Wise Men.
In 1967 and 1968, Johnson summoned them and a few others (including General Omar Bradley) to advise him on foreign policy, particularly the Vietnam War. In November 1967, they unanimously recommended staying in Vietnam, but in a pivotal second meeting in March 1968, most said the war could not be won and American troops should be withdrawn.
Legacy[edit]
Later public figures, such as Clark Clifford, James A. Baker III, and Robert S. Strauss are sometimes evaluated by comparing them to these 'wise men'.[5][6][7]
Reviews[edit]
- 'A sober and straightforward account of what actually happened and why... In this context the book does a great service. It restores balance to our recent history, and some sheen to its heroes. It may generate a much-needed movement to correct revisionist history. It should be read.' —Foreign Affairs[3]
- 'In their first major book, Isaacson and Thomas have written an engrossing work of popular history that will live well beyond the 1980s.' —Los Angeles Times[8]
References[edit]
- ^Isaacson, Walter; Thomas, Evan (May 8, 2012). The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (2nd ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-1451683226.
- ^Taglieri, Joe (April 19, 2012). Quicklet - Walter Isaacson's The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made. Hyperlink. ISBN978-1614642329.
- ^ abForrestal, Michael V. (Winter 1986–1987). 'Review: The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made'. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^Carroll, James (March 22, 2005). 'If Kennan had prevailed'. Boston Globe. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^Isaacson, Walter (December 3, 2006). 'Is Baker a 'Wise Man' or a wannabe?'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^Broder, David (May 24, 1989). 'Can the new wise men keep the peace?'. Observer-Reporter. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^Thompson, Robert E. (September 12, 2003). 'It's time for our own 'Wise Men''. The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^Nelson, Bryce (November 30, 1986). 'Review: The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
God sent a message through a miraculous dream to the three wise men (the Magi) that the Bible mentions as part of the Christmas story, to warn them to stay away from a cruel king named Herod while on their journey to deliver gifts to the child they believed was was destined to save the world: Jesus Christ. Here's the story from Matthew 2 of this Christmas miracle, with commentary:
A Star Shines Light on Prophecies Fulfilled
The Magi have come to be known as 'wise men' because they were scholars whose knowledge of both astrological science and religious prophecies helped them figure out that the unusually bright star they saw shining over Bethlehem pointed the way to the one they believed was the Messiah (the world's savior), for whom they were waiting to come to Earth at the right time.
King Herod, who ruled over the part of the ancient Roman Empire called Judea, also knew of the prophecies, and was determined to hunt young Jesus down and kill him. But the Bible says that god warned the Magi about Herod in a dream so they could avoid going back to him and telling him where to find Jesus.
The Bible records in Matthew 2:1-3 that: 'After Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea, during the time of King Herod, Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, 'Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star when it rose and have come to worship him.' When King Herod heard this he was disturbed, and all Jerusalem with him.'
The Bible doesn't say whether or not it was an angel who delivered the message to the Magi in the dream. But believers say that it's miraculous that the Magi all had the same dream that warned them to stay away from King Herod on their journey to and from visiting Jesus.
Many historians think that the Magi came eastward to Judea (now part of Israel) from Persia (which includes such modern nations as Iran and Iraq). King Herod would have been jealous of any competing king who would have drawn attention away from him -- especially one who people thought was worthy of being worshiped. The people of Jerusalem would also have been disturbed at the news that a greater king had come to rule over them.
The chief priests and teachers of the law referred King Herod to a prophecy from Micah 5:2 and 4 of the Torah that says: 'But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come for me one who will be ruler over Israel,whose origins are from of old, from ancient times ... his greatness will reach to the ends of the earth.'
The Bible continues the story in Matthew 2:7-8: 'Then Herod called the Magi secretly and found out from them the exact time the star had appeared. He sent them to Bethlehem and said, 'Go and search carefully for the child. As soon as you find him, report to me, so that I too may go and worship him.'
Although King Herod said that he intended to worship Jesus, he was lying, because he was already planning to murder the child. Herod wanted the information so that he could send his soldiers to hunt down Jesus in hopes of eliminating the threat that Jesus posed to Herod's governing authority.
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The story concludes in Matthew 2:9-12: 'After they had heard the king, they went on their way, and the star they had seen when it rose went ahead of them until it stopped over the place where the child was. When they saw the star, they were overjoyed. On coming to the house, they saw the child with his mother Mary, and they bowed down and worshiped him. Then they opened their treasures and presented him with gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh. And having been warned in a dream not to go back to Herod, they returned to their country by another route.'
The three different gifts that the Magi presented to Jesus and Mary were symbolic: The gold represented Jesus' role as the ultimate king, the frankincense represented worship to God, and the myrrh represented the sacrificial death that Jesus would die.
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When the Magi returned to their homes, they avoided going back by way of Jerusalem, since they had each received the same miraculous message in their dreams, warning them not to go back to King Herod. Each of the wise men separately received the same warning that reflected Herod's true intentions, which they hadn't known about before.
Since the Bible mentions in the very next verse (Matthew 2:13) that God sent an angel to deliver a message about Herod's plans to Joseph, Jesus' earthly father, some people think that an angel also spoke to the Magi in their dreams, delivering God's warning to them. Angels often act as God's messengers, so that may have been the case.